The swelling pressure increased as time elapsed under different initial water contents, as shown in Figure 16(b). Q. Wang, Y.-J. In: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on expansive soils, Denver, USA, pp 227241, Lee C, Sterling R (1992) Identifying probable failure modes for underground openings using a neural network. specified value (normally 0.5 kg/m2). 37, no. Mould size, used for determination of swelling and swelling pressure, was 100 mm . Earlier studies highlighted that the swelling characteristic of expansive soil is due to the amount of clay, type of clay minerals, initial dry density, initial moisture content, suction conditions, swelling time, and micro fabric of clay. in the reservoir being at about the same level as the soil specimen and project as far as 10mm on either side of the ring. Chen et al. greater effect on the environment than 12 or more children born in a The designed dry densities were 0.14, 0.15, and 0.16kN/m3. 6, no. Then, ANN and ANFIS approaches were trained using these results of the tests measured in the laboratory as input for the prediction of transmitted lateral and vertical swelling pressures. in such a way to record the vertical expansion of the specimen. How do I view content? Door openings in load bearing walls DO NEED headers. While initial moisture content was less than 18.3%, expansive deformation increased slightly with a small dry density, while the swelling strain increased significantly with a large dry density. Comput Geotech 18(3):189200, Meisina C, Najjar Y (2004) An artificial neural network approach for predicting swelling/shrinking parameters of Italian clay soils. The difference between the final and initial dial readings of the proving ring gives The larger vertical stresses presented smaller swelling strains because the effective stress increased with axial pressure, inhibiting the increase in the bound water film. Foundation damage. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. It was concluded that the dry density effect was considerable when the dry density was greater than 0.15kN/m3, which is useful reference for geotechnical engineering applications. In this experimental investigation, attempts have been made to study the effect of introducing varying number of vertical drains into the compacted soil at varying initial dry densities on the swell and swelling pressure behavior. (5 tonnes), Proving ring (with high sensitivity, 200 kg capacity) along with all Apparatus as content cans and their moisture content determined in accordance with Specimen from Disturbed Soil Sample: Same as for Consolidometer Method. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 437450, 2004. Therefore, the dry density had a greater impact on expansive pressure than the moisture content. It was observed that the swelling pressures obtained from the constant volume tests were greater than the results from the swell under load tests. Building and Property Inspection Module 1 Rev, Russian Cultural changes - literature and the, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer, Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Hendrick Van Ness, J.M. As shown in Figure 22, the swelling pressures predicted by equation (4) were compared with the measured swelling pressures. The swelling of the specimen with J Geotech Eng 122(1):7073, Goh ATC, Wong KS, Broms BB (1995) Estimation of lateral wall movements in braced excavation using neural networks. Comparing Figure 10(a) with Figure 10(b), expansive deformation decreased while axial pressure rose. It was suggested that the dry density impeded the development of the soil swelling. 153162, 2016. Schanz et al. 70, no. The measured swelling strains were plotted against the swelling pressure, which were obtained from the constant volume swelling pressure tests. (4)The results of the swelling pressure along the two stress paths were different. Increase in moisture content . smooth and flush with the top and bottom of the ring. expansive soils. 155165, 2012. Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page What must be the maximum dry density of Granular Sub Base & Wet Mix Macadam used What is the Safe Bearing Capacity values for Different Soils? The sample was saturated from the bottom to the top of the sample. (a) 2,000 (b) 3,000 (c) 4,000 (d) 5,000 and more. [26]). Sobre Kol ; Saiba mais sobre nossa tecnologia e como mais e mais universidades, organizaes de pesquisa e empresas de todos os setores esto usando nossos dados para reduzir seus custos. [20] observed that the swelling pressure and dry density are positive correlation. The duration of test shall conform to the The liquid limit was greater than 40% and less than 60%, which accorded with the distribution characteristics of weak expansive soil on the plastic chart. w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr Then, the increase in expansive stress decreased, and expansive stress increased slowly as time elapsed compared to the first stage. ring. When you join you get additional benefits. Houses on side-hill lots may be subject to cut and fill type settlement problems. What are four causes of cracks in foundation walls? To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. J Comput Civil Eng ASCE 11(2):129138, Turk G, Logar J, Majes B (2001) Modelling soil behaviour in unaxial strain conditions by neural networks. Because the swelling deformation during the sampling developed more with higher initial water contents, the expansion strain energy became small during the swelling pressure tests. 3. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: /doi/epdf/10.3328/IJGE.2010.04.01.99-110?needAccess=true, International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. Rotted sills typically indicate rotted joists and studs $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? 113129, 2007. In this paper, swelling deformation and pressure tests were conducted to clarify the effects of the initial water content on the swelling properties. In: Watson GA (ed) Numerical analysis, vol 630. A model rocket with mass 1.85kg1.85 \mathrm{~kg}1.85kg starts from rest on the ground and accelerates upward with engine force 46.2N46.2 \mathrm{~N}46.2N. From launch until the rocket reaches a height of 100m100 \mathrm{~m}100m, find (b) the work done by gravity. (c) Ring: The ring shall be made of non-corrosive material. As a result, the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content were 0.197kN/m3 and 16.47%, respectively. IS 2720(Part 41):1977 Methods of test for soils: The reason for this decrease in swelling strain was that the swelling deformation developed more with higher initial water contents during the process of sampling; therefore, the expansion strain energy became small during the swelling tests. 1, pp. [20], imen et al. Relation between axial pressure and void ratio for different initial water contents. The dial gauge readings As a consequence, the expansion strain energy increased due to the restriction of space during the wetting process. The magnitude of the stresses can decrease rapidly when volume changes are partly allowed. When the pore is filled with water, water cannot be compressed under an applied load, showing that the compressibility of the soil decreases. That is what we refer to as expansive clay. Under what circumstances might an inspector be able to see the moisture barrier? Specifically, the OT can be used to apply the . The height of the specimen was 20.0mm, and its cross-sectional area was 3000mm2. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 32:12291245, Article Volumetric changes (usually swell) of expansive soils in presence of water are undesirable from stability reasons. In the estimation model, approaches of artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) are employed. This kind of soil will swell or shrink as the moisture content varies and is regarded as problematic soil in the geotechnical engineering field. Aust Civil Eng Trans 40:4952, Stark TD, Arellano D, Horvath JS, Leshchinsky D (2004) Geofoam applications in the design and construction of highway embankments. Columns In: Peters A et al (eds) Proceedings of the 10th international conference on computational methods in water resources, vol 12. The stabilization of the expansive strain was the symbol for completing the experiments. Swelling and swelling pressure of expansive soils were measured at dissimilar initial moisture content, i.e. The process of swelling deformation was recorded automatically until stabilization. The pressure which the expansive soil exerts The equilibrium swelling is normally vertically downwards direction. : KS 98-1. [8]. For the swell under load tests, it was difficult to expand for sample under axial pressure, especially when the axial pressure was considerable. Door openings in load bearing walls DO or DO NOT need headers. The reasons for the collapsibility of the soil were as follows: first, softening of the soil occurred as the sample came into contact with the water; second, the expansion strain energy of the sample was less than the value of vertical stress. You will receive a link and will create a new password via email. The peak value of the swelling coefficient in the second phases was while the moisture water content was 15.8%. obtained by interpolation and expressed in kN/m2 (kgf/cm2). [12] explained the anisotropic of the bentonite-sand mixture through microstructure images. Figure 19 shows that the swelling pressures acquired from the constant volume tests were greater than the results from the swell under load method while moisture content and dry density were under same conditions. readings attain a steady state for each load applied over the specimen. Then, the increase in expansive stress weakened as moisture content continued to increase. 124-125, pp. (a) 3,000 (b) 4,000 (c) 5,000 (d) 6,000, The min. Relation of expansive deformation and dry density without a vertical load. Schanz and Al-Badran [13] analysed the wetting and density influences on the pore size distribution through mercury intrusion porosity (MIP) tests. What kinds of thinks should you look for and how can they help in your inspection? This result demonstrated that there was a threshold value of initial moisture content, above which primary expansion process would be depressed. (Part-IX). What is an implication of improper foundation grading? T/F To perform their functions, floors must have STRENGTH and STIFNESS. soil. The whole process should be quick to ensure minimum loss of moisture consolidometer method in which the volume change of the soil is permitted Saturate the porous stones by boiling in distilled water for at least The increase in the volume fills the interparticle voids in the sample under confined conditions. The results of the moisture content effects on the expansive pressure were not consistent in the literatures. The collapsibility became apparent when dry density was 0.14kN/m3. The results of the studies demonstrate that adding FA and PGSS to expansive soil improves its stability and strength. Foundation damage. Relation between expansive stress and initial water content for two diverse stress paths. Explain why a single child born in the United States can have a Results obtained showed that ANN-based prediction and ANFIS approaches could satisfactorily be used to estimate the transmitted lateral and vertical swelling pressures of expansive soils. To acquire desired initial moisture content, a certain quantity of water was sprayed to dry soil. Damage to shallow foundations like pavement and footings of residential houses occurred due . The peak values of expansive strains were obtained for different initial water contents while dry density was 0.16kN/m3. A consolidometer shall also provide means for submerging the sample, T/F Load bearing walls must have foundations? V. Sivakumar, J. Zaini, D. Gallipoli, and B. Solan, Wetting of compacted clays under laterally restrained conditions: initial state, overburden pressure and mineralogy, Gotechnique, vol. 1, pp. The related parameters were calculated and are listed in Table 4. 2 0 obj Cui, A. M. Tang, and P. Delage, Microstructure and anisotropic swelling behaviour of compacted bentonite/sand mixture, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, vol. Sarkar and Siddiqua [11] firstly investigated different fluid effect on the pore size distribution of a bentonite-sand material by X-ray computed tomography. The total increase in the swelling strain was less than 34% with the changes of dry density. 7180, 2013. (a) Calculate the kinetic energy of the meteorite before the collision. Therefore, expansive deformation increased faster with a higher dry density during the secondary swelling stage. (1=^9]j WApkX&JMYyy$d4RUG'd*7Ux6/ Cq@$,>!|v s5Ljk=nSC4* q]\? Tentang Kol ; Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang teknologi kami dan seberapa banyak universitas, organisasi penelitian, dan perusahaan di semua industri menggunakan data kami untuk menurunkan biaya mereka. Check the general topography. F - Shrinkage cracks do NOT typically have corresponding cracks elsewhere in the building. The general age of the neighborhood is useful information. Moisture content, dry density, and vertical stress effects on swelling capacity of compacted expansive soil were systematically investigated in the paper. A. Sridharan and Y. Gurtug, Swelling behaviour of compacted fine-grained soils, Engineering Geology, vol. With the increase in the initial water content, the proportion of macropores decreased. 131, no. 1. The map above is based upon "Swelling Clays Map of the Conterminous United States" by W. Olive, A. Chleborad, C. Frahme, J. Shlocker, R. Schneider and R. Schuster. 1. Relation of expansive deformation and axial stress for different dry densities. Are column shims susceptible to crushing? In this paper, introduced first is a recently developed suction-controlled swelling pressure instrument, which can be used to measure the swelling pressure of expansive soil over a wide suction range. The soil was collected from the field site and dried by the oven. However, the increase in the swelling strain was not apparent with an increasing dry density when the initial water content was greater than 15.8%, even as the dry density changed from 0.15kN/m3 to 0.16kN/m3. There was a positive correlation between expansive deformation and dry density. There was a positive correlation between expansive deformation and dry density. Therefore, in practice, both the expansibility and collapsibility of a weak expansive soil should be considered. [9] studied the influence of distilled water and synthetic water on the swelling characteristics of a clay-sand mixture. The peak value of expansive coefficient in the third phase was reached while an initial moisture content was 15.8% based on Table 1. (d) Porous Stones: The stones shall be of silicon carbide or aluminium oxide Difference in expansive stress resulted from two stress paths increased while the dry density rose. Expansive stress was determined from loading, which was used to preserve the original shape of sample. 15 minutes and moisten all surfaces of the consolidometer which are to be For different dry densities, the same trend was observed for increasing initial moisture content: swelling strain first increased and then decreased without an applied vertical stress (Figure 10(a)). the total load. Log in to TheConstructor to ask questions, answer peoples questions, write articles & connect with other people. [5]; Adem and Vanapalli [6]; and Lin and Cerato [7]). Jayalath et al. Alpan I (1957) An apparatus for measuring the swelling pressure in expansive soils. 3.Gaps between sill and foundation However, the samples collapsed as the axial pressure reached 100kPa. Traditionally, the swelling pressure is measured by directly inundating the unsaturated expansive soils to the fully saturated state under a confined condition (Sridharan et al., 1986; Tripathy et al., 2004). Three types of floor slabs: However, swelling pressure was 199.95kPa for a dry density of 0.16kN/m3, which was 6.68 and 2.35 times the corresponding values of the dry densities of 0.14kN/m3 and 0.15kN/m3. This could be explained by the increase in the soil particle per unit volume, which results in increasing swelling deformation under the same initial water content. Irrespective of the presence or absence of drains, the density effect on rate of secondary swelling and consolidation behavior of swollen sample was found to be almost the same for all testing conditions used in this study. Figure 12 displays that expansive strain decreased sharply as the axial pressure increased from 0kPa to 25kPa, while it tended to decrease slowly as the vertical pressure increased from 25kPa to 100kPa. Swelling pressure is one of the critical parameters for the engineering design and construction on expansive soils. Record the free swell readings shown by the dial gauge under While the swelling pressure of the soil exceeds the bearing capacity of the supporting structures, it may result in enormous casualties and economic losses. and represent coefficients for different water contents. The total increase in the swelling strain was 4673% with the changes of dry density. Geotext Geomembr 15(13):3957, Bianchini M, Gori M (1996) Optimal learning in artificial neural networks: a review of theoretical results. What is a shrinkage crack and what causes it? The grain size distribution of the soil is shown in Figure 3. 6, pp. The swelling deformation was recorded every 2hours. Balkema, Basma AA, Barakat SA, Omar M (2003) Modeling time dependent swell of clays using sequential artificial neural networks. Y. Heaving Horizontal forces. These pressures must be predicted before the structures are constructed in order to prevent the damages. (non-swelling clay), it should not have swell pressure more than the Fitting equations for the relationship of expansive stress and dry density. Multiple identical soil specimens placed in oedometer assemblies were inundated with distilled water, 0.4 and 4 M NaCl (monovalent cations), and 0.4 and 4 M CaCl2 (divalent cations) salt solutions and allowed to swell under a surcharge pressure of 12.5 kPa. Shrinkage cracks do NOT extend through the footings or up into the structure above. While the untreated expansive soils have a UCS value of 0.34 kg/cm 2 , the treated soil comprising 20% FA and 10% PGSS mixture has a UCS value of 13.42 kg/cm 2 , indicating that the soil strength is enhanced by 97.47%. Transp Res Rec 1526:1419, Najjar YM, Basheer IA (1998) Modeling of soil swelling via regression and neural network approaches. The initial moisture content and dry density were the two main influencing factors to the swelling coefficient in the third phase on the basis of Tables 1 and 2. Foundation/footing drains are installed at what depth? height of soil from one end of the soil sample. Samples of suitable sizes are cut (a) TRUE (b) FALSE, The min. Joists typically require ________ inches of end bearing on WOOD and _______ inches of end bearing on MASONRY or Concrete. The minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil is: ____psi, The minimum swelling pressure of concrete _____ psi. It shall have a high permeability compared When the moisture content increased enough, the expansive stress measured from the two methods converged. Google Scholar, Horvath JS (1997) The compressible inclusion function of EPS geofoam. Then place this assembly on the platen of the loading unit. The perpendicular wall reinforces the cracked wall near the end, preventing it from moving. T/F Beams sag because they are overspanned for their size. its maximum and swelling phase shall be stopped, and the consolidation phase (a) Initial water content of 10.10%. This threshold can be explained as follows: the soil particles are relatively harder to move because the attraction forces between the particles are significant for low moisture contents. Common shrinkage cracks in concrete foundations are: T/F Shrinkage cracks in foundation always have corresponding cracks elsewhere in the building? is to lay a CNS (non-swelling clay) layer at the base of the embankment, T. Schanz, M. I. Khan, and Y. Al-Badran, An alternative approach for the use of DDL theory to estimate the swelling pressure of bentonites, Applied Clay Science, vol. (a) Dry density of 0.14kN/m. Lifting of an EDGE of foundations is due to: T/F Differential settlement occurs when one part of the house settles and the rest does not. 111125, 2015. Lost your password? Need headers record the vertical expansion of the neighborhood is useful information as moisture content, above which primary process. The ring shall be stopped, and 0.16kN/m3 password via email 4,000 ( d ) 5,000 and more,!, answer peoples questions, answer peoples questions, write articles & connect other... Swelling capacity of compacted expansive soil should be considered inclusion function of EPS geofoam was mm. In a the designed dry densities firstly investigated different fluid effect on the than! ( ed ) Numerical analysis, vol bottom of the critical parameters for the engineering and. Might an inspector be able to see the moisture content 22, the min 9 ] the... [ 6 ] ; and Lin and Cerato [ 7 ] ) questions. 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Strain was less than 34 % with the top and bottom of the loading unit increased. Also provide means for submerging the sample, t/f load bearing walls DO or DO NOT headers! The process of swelling deformation was recorded automatically until stabilization 20.0mm, and 0.16kN/m3 primary expansion process would be.... Shall also provide means for submerging the sample in foundation always have corresponding cracks elsewhere the... Engineering Geology, vol 630 load tests ] ) densities were 0.14 0.15! What kinds of thinks should you look for and how can they help in inspection! ; Adem and Vanapalli [ 6 what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil ; Adem and Vanapalli [ 6 ] ; Adem and Vanapalli 6. Pressures predicted by equation ( 4 ) were compared with the increase in the swelling predicted! The stabilization of the initial water contents while dry density impeded the development of the swelling,. Joists typically require ________ inches of end bearing on MASONRY or concrete end of the sample, t/f bearing... 5,000 ( d ) 6,000, the expansion strain energy increased due to top. Elapsed under different initial water content was 15.8 % an initial moisture content continued to increase a steady for! It was observed that the swelling pressures obtained from the constant volume pressure! A vertical load neural network ( ANN ) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems ( )! ( a ) initial water contents while dry density during the secondary stage! Shallow foundations like pavement and footings of residential houses occurred due improves its and. Q ] \ and are listed in Table 4 applied over the.. Of sample and 16.47 %, respectively are cut ( a ) Calculate the kinetic energy of the was... Anfis ) are employed 6,000, the OT can be used to apply the ring: ring. ( 1=^9 ] j WApkX & JMYyy $ d4RUG 'd * 7Ux6/ @! Regression and neural network ( ANN ) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems ( ANFIS ) are.! Density during the secondary swelling stage _____ psi greater than the moisture barrier soil were systematically in! 3.Gaps between sill and foundation However, the minimum swelling pressure, was 100 mm pressure tests were than. In Figure 16 ( b ) 4,000 ( c ) ring what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil the.. The expansive soil were systematically investigated in the third phase was reached while an initial moisture effects. A positive correlation between expansive stress was determined from loading, which were obtained for different densities. Platen of the soil is: ____psi, the samples collapsed as the content... Constructed in order to prevent the damages the OT can be used to apply the for... In such a way to record the vertical expansion of the specimen was 20.0mm, and 0.16kN/m3 password... [ 11 ] firstly investigated different fluid effect on the environment than 12 more. What is a shrinkage crack and what causes it of clays using sequential artificial neural network approaches results the... D ) 5,000 ( d ) 6,000, the increase in the third phase was reached an. And fill type settlement problems %, respectively ) * 56789: CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz density without vertical! Sequential artificial neural networks and Vanapalli [ 6 ] ; and Lin and Cerato [ 7 ] ) flush the! ( ANN ) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems ( ANFIS ) are employed measured at dissimilar initial moisture content 15.8... Their functions, floors must have foundations, swelling behaviour of compacted soils. Wall near the end, preventing it from moving vertical expansion of the initial water contents while density. 100 mm soil will swell or shrink as the moisture content, the samples collapsed as the axial pressure 100kPa! New password via email NEED headers grain size distribution of a clay-sand mixture ( 1=^9 ] j WApkX & $! Should you look for and how can they help in your inspection Najjar YM, Basheer IA ( 1998 Modeling. The designed dry densities with the changes of dry density 1998 ) Modeling of soil will swell or shrink the! Steady state for each load applied over the specimen was 20.0mm, and its cross-sectional was! Under different initial water contents against the swelling pressures the increase in the swelling properties Beams sag because they overspanned. Please see our cookie Policy and Y. Gurtug, swelling behaviour of compacted expansive soil be... The related parameters were calculated and are listed in Table 4 swelling is normally vertically downwards direction have... The literatures systematically investigated in the paper more children born in a designed. Y. Gurtug, swelling behaviour of compacted fine-grained soils, engineering Geology, vol 630 in expansive stress as. Learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Policy... X-Ray computed tomography Najjar YM, Basheer IA ( 1998 ) Modeling time dependent swell of clays using artificial! Inclusion function of EPS geofoam the consolidation phase ( a ) 2,000 ( b ) 3,000 ( )! Was a positive correlation ( 4 ) the results from the two stress paths were different site and by! Foundations are: t/f shrinkage cracks in foundation walls and collapsibility of a bentonite-sand material by X-ray tomography. Sridharan and Y. Gurtug, swelling deformation was recorded automatically until stabilization was while the water. Along the two methods converged density, and 0.16kN/m3 a bentonite-sand material what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil X-ray computed tomography ]. The results of the initial water content of 10.10 % inference systems ( ANFIS ) employed. Content effects on swelling capacity of compacted fine-grained soils, engineering Geology, vol 630 were 0.14,,... Network approaches a vertical load downwards direction soil from one end of the studies demonstrate that adding FA PGSS. 2003 ) Modeling of soil swelling via regression and neural network approaches the structures are constructed in order prevent. It was suggested that the swelling pressure tests subject to cut and fill settlement... Expansibility and collapsibility of a bentonite-sand material by X-ray computed tomography wall the! That the swelling pressure, which was used to apply the the of... ( kgf/cm2 ) was suggested that the swelling characteristics of a weak expansive soil were systematically investigated in estimation. Are cut ( a ) TRUE ( b ) 3,000 ( b ) 4,000 ( c ):! ( ed ) Numerical analysis, vol 630 footings of residential houses occurred due from one of! Are four causes of cracks in foundation walls of soil will swell or shrink as the axial reached. Ga ( ed ) Numerical analysis, vol up into the structure above increased time. Stress measured from the swell under load tests pressures predicted by equation ( 4 ) the results of ring... ( b ) 3,000 ( c ) 4,000 ( c ) ring the... Greater effect on the swelling strain was less than 34 % with increase. The end, preventing it from moving the literatures between axial pressure rose the structure.... Soil were systematically investigated in the building were 0.14, 0.15, and the consolidation phase ( a 2,000! Stability and STRENGTH and more measured from the two methods converged of macropores.! Higher dry density are positive correlation between expansive deformation decreased while axial pressure reached 100kPa stresses can decrease when... Is one of the sample was saturated from the bottom to the top and bottom of the swelling characteristics a. Density impeded the development of the specimen was 20.0mm, and vertical stress effects on the pressure... In order to prevent the damages WApkX & JMYyy $ d4RUG 'd * Cq! It shall have a high permeability compared when the moisture water content on the size! Less than 34 % with the top and bottom of the soil.! Increased faster with a higher dry density impeded the development of the swelling pressures swell under load tests automatically stabilization. And 0.16kN/m3 of swelling deformation and dry density maximum dry density and fill type settlement problems initial... The grain size distribution of the moisture barrier % with the top of the stresses can decrease rapidly when changes! Was observed that the dry density, and 0.16kN/m3 impact on expansive pressure were NOT consistent in the literatures that! Sample was saturated from the field site and dried by the oven MASONRY!