The girl is the daughter of the family that employs Breedlove as a servant. They realize the other prostitutes are not fat, and based on their mother's gossip about the prostitutes believe the reason for this is because they drink whiskey. They could be single (with a firing room in one direction) or double (two firing rooms in opposite directions). Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. 11. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. Teachers and parents! Pecola is about to use a wagon to bring the wash back to the Breedlove storefront, and Mrs. Breedlove says that the MacTeer sisters can walk back with her. Both of the girls think that being ruined means becoming fat like Marie, and believe that Poland and China aren't fat only because they drink whiskey. Mr. Yacobowski The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. Two telephone wires were placed parallel to the line of fortifications, providing redundancy in case a wire gets cut. The serpent is the largest remaining artifact from World War II. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. French strategy, therefore, envisioned a move into Belgium to counter a German assault. [23], The Maginot Line was intended to block the main German blow if it should come via eastern France and divert it through Belgium, where French forces would meet and stop the Germans. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% While an understanding of the Line's creation is vital to any study of World War I, World War II, and the period in between, this knowledge is also helpful when interpreting a number of modern references. She makes fun of Claudia and Frieda and tries to get them into trouble, and they sometimes beat her up. Soaphead Church is self-deluding, unhappy, and megalomaniacal. Miss Marie: Miss Marie is one of the prostitutes who live in the same building as the Breedlove family. ouvrages to be ready at their battle stations. This section shows the powerful deterministic forces that have shaped Pauline. When she touches it, the cobbler falls off the counter and onto the floor, blueberry juice splattering everywhere. As an ally of France, they got advice on the Maginot design and applied it to Czechoslovak border fortifications. Her courtesy and hospitality are real, but she has no patience for the girls' disrespect. Pecola's lies demonstrate the insecurity she feels about herself, and her self-perceived ugliness. After a humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the French built a ring of 19 heavily fortified military bases around the ancient city of Verdun in northeastern France near the borders with Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium. "Maginot Line" has acquired a secondary meaning: a defensive barrier or strategy that inspires a false sense of security, according to Merriam-Webster. [18] The British and Italian governments refused in subsequent diplomatic talks to define "flagrant violation", which led the French to place little hope in Anglo-Italian help if German military forces should reoccupy the Rhineland. Built at a cost that possibly exceeded $9 billion in. For African Americans it suggests the possibility of interracial heritage, which may carry with it . He has a gruff manner toward little Blackgirls. Beyond that, the French were well aware of the contribution of Britain and its dominions to the victory of 1918. His proclivity for young girls is foreshadowed earlier when he has Frieda and Claudia search his body for the magic penny, but as Claudia tells us then, they have fond memories of Henry despite what he has done. Ultimately, any tender feelings Cholly has for Pecola are transformed into a desire to consume her. Claudias father, who works hard to keep the familyfed and clothed. When France withdrew from NATO's military component in 1966, much of the line was abandoned, with the NATO facilities turned back over to French forces and the rest of it auctioned off to the public or left to decay. Pecola, who calls the Maginot line by her true name, Miss Marie, explains that she is not dangerous. Pecola calls her Miss Marie, while Claudia and Frieda call her the Maginot Line, a nickname based on a World War II reference. As with his son Sammy, who is always running away from home, Cholly's gender gives him a degree of agency that Pecola and Pauline simply do not have. The girls both admire her and are jealous of her. Read an in-depth analysis of Pauline Breedlove. [45], Jackson commented that "it has often been alleged that the Maginot Line contributed to France's defeat by making the military too complacent and defence-minded. The moment where she loses her tooth in the movie theatre is painful: juxtaposing Pauline as an awkward, gap-toothed, pregnant black woman to the idealized (and illusory) image of Jean Harlow on the screen shows the power of these images to destroy a black woman's belief in her own beauty. Maginot was another veteran of World War I; he became the French Minister of Veteran Affairs and then Minister of War (19281932). During the ensuing Ruhrkampf ("Ruhr struggle") between the Germans and the French that lasted until September 1923, Britain condemned the French occupation of the Ruhr. [41] Kaufmann and Kaufmann comment that it was an unintended consequence of Andr Maginot's efforts to "focus the public's attention on the work being done, emphasising the role and nature of the line". Claudias ten-year-old sister, who shares Claudias independence and stubbornness. Once the French forces left the Rhineland in 1930, this form of leverage with the Rhineland as collateral was no longer available to Paris, which from then on had to depend on Berlin's word that it would continue to abide by the terms of the Versailles and Locarno treaties, which stated that the Rhineland was to stay demilitarised forever. A decoy force sat opposite the line while a second Army Group cut through the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as through the Ardennes Forest, which lay north of the main French defences. The fact that certain modern fortresses had held out against German artillery during World War I, as well as the admitted saving in military manpower, induced France to build the celebrated Maginot Line as . The Germany-facing section of the Maginot Line presented a string of obstacles, traps and artillery forts that ran 16 miles (25 kilometers) deep in places. "They cashed in their chips. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. (one code per order). Pecola, not knowing that the meat is poisoned, brings it to the dog. The events by the riverbed are important: note that Cholly's hatred is not directed at the white hunters, but at Darlene. The largest of these structures, Fort Douaumont, was captured by the Germans in 1915 and triggered the infamous Battle of Verdun, the longest and bloodiest battle of WWI, claiming 400,000 French casualties and 350,000 German losses. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. The color of eyes is not for looking, but for being looked at. Mr. MacTeer: Claudia's father, Mr. MacTeer, is not present often in the book. Between 1930 and 1940, the Maginot Line Construction cost France a total of 3 billion francs. He is a pedophile who loves to touch little girls. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJacobsen1994 (, repeat of their First World War battle plan, British hardened field defences of World War II, Commission for Organising the Fortified Regions, "What's the stupidest thing a nation has ever done? [4] J.E. [37] In support, Roth commented that the French strategy envisioned one of two possibilities by advancing into Belgium: "either there would be a decisive battle in which France might win, or, more likely, a front would develop and stabilise". Battles on the Western front were little effected by the Line. The British diplomat Sir Eric Phipps, who attended the conference, commented afterwards that: The London Conference was for the French 'man in the street' one long Calvary as he saw M. Herriot abandoning one by one the cherished possessions of French preponderance on the Reparations Commission, the right of sanctions in the event of German default, the economic occupation of the Ruhr, the French-Belgian railway Rgie, and finally, the military occupation of the Ruhr within a year. In discussion with General Brousseau, the commander of the Metz sector and other officers, the general outlined the French problem in extending the line to the sea in that placing the line along the Belgian-German border required the agreement of Belgium, but putting the line along the French-Belgian border relinquished Belgium to the Germans. Still, Cain said that the location would be challenging to light and film inside and that artificial sets could be constructed at the studios for a fraction of the cost. Attacking on 10 May, German forces were well into France within five days and they continued to advance until 24 May, when they stopped near Dunkirk. She then comforts the little white girl and begins to clean the black stain off of her pink dress. Over time, she begins to devote all of her energy to taking care of the Fishers' home, and neglects her own home. The old women of the community, matriarchs described with great reverence by the narrator, take care of Aunt Jimmy and she seems to get better. You'll also receive an email with the link. On 15 June, infantry divisions of the German 7th Army attacked across the Rhine River in Operation "Small Bear", penetrating the defences deep and capturing the cities of Colmar and Strasbourg. Winston Churchill. French engineers even constructed emergency dams and levees that could flood the surrounding fields to further slow the German attack. The term "Maginot Line" has become a part of the English language: "America's Maginot Line" was the title used for an Atlantic Magazine article about America's military bases in Asia. ", Frieda notices a deep-dish berry cobbler, and Pecola goes to see if the cobbler is still hot. Stewart, Amber ed. One of Cholly's happiest memories is of Blue Jack smashing a watermelon and sharing the heart with him. Despite its monumental concrete glory, which was the pride of interwar France, the Maginot Line ultimately wasn't able to stop Adolf Hitler's Nazi war machine from quickly overwhelming and occupying France in World War II. [18], French plans for an offensive in the 1920s were realistic, as Versailles had forbidden German conscription, and the Reichswehr was limited to 100,000 men. As they walk around the side of the building to try the side door, they encounter The. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. The word cloche is a French term meaning bell due to its shape. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. To put this geography into perspective, Germany is not much bigger than the state of Wisconsin. The doctors dehumanize Pauline, and part of that dehumanization takes the form of refusing to look into her eyesbecause if they did, they would see her looking back at them, and encounter Pauline's undeniable humanness and her status as a subject (as opposed to purely an object). Free trial is available to new customers only. A period of sustained Francophobia broke out in Britain, with Poincar being vilified in Britain as a cruel bully punishing Germany with unreasonable reparations demands. Miss Dunion, a neighbor, came over afterward and suggested that the MacTeers take Frieda to the doctor to see if she has been "ruined"a suggestion that sends Mrs. MacTeer into a rage against Miss. The prejudice and treatment that Pecola receives because of her skin color is called "colorism," a sister type of discrimination that has only recently been studied and researched. Pauline's narrative is very conversational, using the diction, grammar, and rhythm of oral Black-American English. Cholly is supposed to be taken in by an uncle, but the humiliation by the river is the catalyst for him running away from home to find his father. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. How did this happen? But World War I worsened the problem. Sadly, Maureen uses what they admire against them, she even taunts Picola with Bluest Eye study guide contains a biography of Toni Morrison, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. The blocks contained infrastructure such as power stations, independent ventilating systems, barracks and mess halls, kitchens, water storage and distribution systems, hoists, ammunition stores, workshops and spare parts and food stores. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. Although the alliances with Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia were appreciated in Paris, it was widely understood that this was no compensation for the absence of Britain and the United States. Sensitive and delicate, she passively suffers the abuse of her mother, father, and classmates. Maginot Line. She becomes pregnant. Belgium was overrun, and British and French forces evacuated at Dunkirk. She finds a permanent job working for a wealthy and warm-hearted white family called the Fishers. [18] A variant of the Foch plan had been used by Poincar in 1923 when he ordered the French occupation of the Ruhr. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. Breedlove. From upstairs, the little girl calls for Polly, and Pecola accidentally pulls a freshly baked berry cobbler off the counter. 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